Systematic review of clinical practice guidelines for the diagnosis and management of retinal vein occlusion.

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: To assess the methodological quality of Clinical Practice Guidelines (CPG) for the diagnosis and management of Retinal Vein Occlusion (RVO). METHODS: A systematic review of CPGs for the diagnosis and management of RVO was carried out with a search in databases, metasearch engines, CPG development institutions, ophthalmology associations and CPG repositories until April 2022. Search update was performed on April 2023, with no new record available. Five CPGs published in the last 10 years in English/Spanish were selected, and 5 authors evaluated them independently, using the Appraisal of Guidelines for Research and Evaluation (AGREE-II) instrument. An individual assessment of each CPG by domain (AGREE-II), an overall assessment of the guide, and its use with or without modifications were performed. Additionally, a meta-synthesis of the recommendations for the most relevant outcomes was carried out. RESULTS: The lowest score (mean 18.8%) was for domain 5 'applicability', and the highest score (mean 62%) was for domain 4 'clarity of presentation'. The 2019 American guideline (PPP) presented the best score (40.4%) in domain 3 'rigour of development'. When evaluating the overall quality of the CPGs analysed, all CPGs could be recommended with modifications. In the meta-synthesis, anti-VEGF therapy is the first-choice therapy for macular oedema associated with RVO, but there is no clear recommendation about the type of anti-VEGF therapy to choose. Recommendations for diagnosis and follow-up are similar among the CPGs appraised. CONCLUSION: Most CPGs for the diagnosis and management of RVO have a low methodological quality assessed according to the AGREE-II. PPP has the higher score in the domain 'rigour of development'. Among the CPGs appraised, there is no clear recommendation on the type of anti-VEGF therapy to choose.

PRPH2 mutation c.582-1G>A causing adult-onset macular dystrophy with a benign concentric annular macular dystrophy phenotype in a family / Mutação c.582-1G>A do gene PRPH2 causando distrofia macular de início adulto com fenótipo de distrofia macular anular concêntrica benigna em uma família

ABSTRACT The peripherin gene (PRPH2) mutation is associated with photoreceptor cell dysfunction as well as in several inherited retinal dystrophies. The PRPH2 mutation c.582-1G>A is a rare variant reported in retinitis pigmentosa and pattern dystrophy. Here Case 1 was of a 54-year-old woman with bilateral atrophy of the perifoveal retinal pigmentary epithelium and choriocapillaris with central foveolar respect. Autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography revealed perifoveal atrophy of the retinal pigmentary epithelium with an annular window effect without the "dark choroid" sign. Case 2 (mother of Case 1) presented with extensive atrophy of the retinal pigmentary epithelium and choriocapillaris. PRPH2 was evaluated and the c.582-1G>A mutation was identified in heterozygosity. An advanced adult-onset benign concentric annular macular dystrophy diagnosis was thereby proposed. The c.582-1G>A mutation is poorly known and not present in all common genomic databases. This case report is the first one to report a c.582-1G>A mutation associated with benign concentric annular macular dystrophy.

RESUMO Mutações do gene da periferina (PRPH2) estão associadas à disfunção das células fotorreceptoras e estão envolvidas em várias distrofias retinianas hereditárias. A mutação c.582-1G>A do gene PRPH2 é uma variante rara, relatada na retinite pigmentosa e nas distrofias em padrão. O caso 1 foi de uma mulher de 54 anos com atrofia bilateral do epitélio pigmentar da retina perifoveal e da coriocapilar, com acometimento foveolar central. A autofluorescência e a angiofluoresceinografia revelaram atrofia perifoveal do epitélio pigmentar da retina, com efeito de janela anular, sem o sinal da "coroide escura". O caso 2 (mãe) apresentava extensa atrofia do epitélio pigmentar da retina e da coriocapilar. Foi feito um estudo do gene PRPH2, que identificou a mutação c.582-1G>A em heterozigose. Foi proposto um diagnóstico de distrofia macular anular concêntrica benigna de início adulto em estágio avançado. A mutação c.582-1G>A é pouco conhecida e não está presente em todos os bancos de dados genômicos usuais. Este é o primeiro relato de caso publicado de uma mutação c.582-1G>A associada à distrofia macular anular concêntrica benigna.

PRPH2 mutation c.582-1G>A causing adult-onset macular dystrophy with a benign concentric annular macular dystrophy phenotype in a family.

The peripherin gene (PRPH2) mutation is associated with photoreceptor cell dysfunction as well as in several inherited retinal dystrophies. The PRPH2 mutation c.582-1G>A is a rare variant reported in retinitis pigmentosa and pattern dystrophy. Here Case 1 was of a 54-year-old woman with bilateral atrophy of the perifoveal retinal pigmentary epithelium and choriocapillaris with central foveolar respect. Autofluorescence and fluorescein angiography revealed perifoveal atrophy of the retinal pigmentary epithelium with an annular window effect without the "dark choroid" sign. Case 2 (mother of Case 1) presented with extensive atrophy of the retinal pigmentary epithelium and choriocapillaris. PRPH2 was evaluated and the c.582-1G>A mutation was identified in heterozygosity. An advanced adult-onset benign concentric annular macular dystrophy diagnosis was thereby proposed. The c.582-1G>A mutation is poorly known and not present in all common genomic databases. This case report is the first one to report a c.582-1G>A mutation associated with benign concentric annular macular dystrophy.

[Environmental health: an educational need for Peruvian physicians] / Salud ambiental: una necesidad educativa para los médicos del Perú.

Introduction: The implementation of courses related to environmental health in undergraduate curricula favors the formation of physicians more committed to the impact of climate change on health. The aim of the study was to identify the prevalence of environmental health courses in Peruvian medical schools, as well as their comparison with air quality levels for each region of the country.Methods: A descriptive study was carried out. We searched the web page of the National Superintendence of University Higher Education (SUNEDU) of Peru and selected those universities with registered human medicine faculties. We analyzed whether they included in their curriculum a course related to environmental medicine and compared it with the levels of air quality (particulate matter) for each region. Results: Of 41 medical schools included, 26 (63.4%) of them included a course related to environmental health in their curriculum, and 2 (7.7%) of them included it as an optional course. Of the regions with a moderate/bad air quality index, 63% have medical schools with lecture courses on environmental medicine. Conclusions: It is necessary to standardize the methodology, contents and teaching resources, as well as the study of relevant topics such as climate change, in addition to its integration with the other courses of the medical career given the importance of environmental health in the different regions of Peru

Introducción: La implementación de cursos relacionados a la salud ambiental en las currículas de pregrado favorece la formación de médicos más comprometidos con el impacto del cambio climático sobre la salud. El objetivo del estudio fue identificar la prevalencia de cursos lectivos sobre salud ambiental en facultades de medicina del Perú, así como su comparación con los niveles de calidad de aire por cada región del país. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo. Se buscó en la página web de la Superintendencia Nacional de Educación Superior Universitaria (SUNEDU) del Perú y se seleccionó aquellas universidades con facultad de medicina humana registradas. Se analizó si estas incluían en su currículo un curso relacionado a medicina ambiental y se comparó con los niveles de calidad de aire (Material particulado) por cada región. Resultados: De 41 facultades de medicina incluidas, 26 (63,4%) de ellas incluyeron en su currículum un curso relacionado a salud ambiental, y 2 (7,7%) de ellas lo incluyeron como un curso opcional. De las regiones con un índice de calidad de aire moderado/malo, el 63% cuentan con facultades de medicina con cursos lectivos sobre medicina ambiental. Conclusiones: Es necesario estandarizar su metodología, contenidos y recursos de enseñanza, así como el estudio de temas relevantes como el cambio climático, además de su integración con los demás cursos de la carrera médica dada la importancia que cobra la salud ambiental en las diferentes regiones del Perú.

[Support of posterior nasal endoscopy in obtaining nasopharyngeal swab during COVID-19] / El apoyo de la endoscopia nasal posterior en la obtención de hisopado nasofaríngeo durante la COVID-19.

Introduction: In relation to the nasopharynx swab samples, necessary to identify SARS-CoV-2, various problems have been reported, such as: delays in viral identification, high percentages of false negative PCR and viral presence in asymptomatic patients. This, and because the swab is performed without intranasal vision, suggests the need to improve the process of obtaining the nasopharyngeal swab sample, the most important step in viral identification. Description: Because nasal endoscopy is a procedure that provides direct visualization of intranasal structures; We propose its use to support laboratory personnel in obtaining the nasopharyngeal swab, allowing to improve the quality of the sample, with greater possibilities of early viral identification in COVID-19 patients. In addition, performing endoscopy through a posterior approach would reduce the risk of contagion from the personnel who perform it. Conclusion: We propose the use of posterior nasal endoscopy as support in obtaining the nasopharyngeal swab sample, to improve the identification of SARS-CoV-2. Its realization by means of the posterior approach, would avoid the contagion of the personnel who perform it.

Introducción: En relación a las muestras de hisopado de nasofaringe, necesarias para identificar al SARS-CoV-2, se han reportado diversos problemas como: retrasos en la identificación viral, elevados porcentajes de falsos negativos de PCR y presencia viral en pacientes asintomáticos. Lo anterior, y debido a que el hisopado se realiza sin visión intranasal, sugiere la necesidad de mejorar el proceso de obtención de la muestra del hisopado nasofaríngeo, el paso más importante en la identificación viral. Descripción: Debido a que la endoscopía nasal es un procedimiento que proporciona visualización directa de las estructuras intranasales; proponemos su utilización en apoyo al personal de laboratorio en la obtención del hisopado nasofaríngeo, permitiendo mejorar la calidad de la muestra, con mayores posibilidades de identificación viral precoz en pacientes COVID-19. Además, la realización de la endoscopía mediante un abordaje posterior, disminuiría el riesgo de contagio del personal que lo realiza. Conclusión: Proponemos el uso de la endoscopía nasal posterior como apoyo en la obtención de la muestra del hisopado nasofaríngeo, para mejorar la identificación del SARS-CoV-2. Su realización mediante el abordaje posterior, evitaría el contagio del personal que lo realiza.

De la evidencia a la decisión: la necesidad de competencias en Medicina Basada en Evidencias en escuelas de medicina peruanas, para la toma de decisiones clínicas / From evidence to decision: the need of Evidence-Based Medicine competencies in Peruvian medical schools, to clinical decision making

RESUMEN Objetivo: Identificar la necesidad de implementar cursos de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia (MBE) en los planes de estudio de pregrado de las universidades peruanas. El estudio: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó la prevalencia de la enseñanza del curso de MBE en las escuelas de medicina de universidades peruanas, el semestre en el que se enseñaba y la obligatoriedad. Hallazgos: De 44 escuelas de medicina evaluadas, ocho (18,2%) incluían un curso de MBE en sus planes de estudio, de las que cinco (62,5%) correspondían a universidades privadas y en siete(87,5%) el curso era obligatorio. Conclusiones: La enseñanza de la MBE en las escuelas de medicina de las universidades peruanas es baja, pudiendo conducir a una menor confianza y certeza en la toma de decisiones clínicas.

ABSTRACT Objective: To identify the need to implement Evidence-Based Medicine (EBM) courses in the undergraduate curricula of Peruvian universities. The estudy: Descriptive observational study. The prevalence of teaching the EBM course in the medical schools of Peruvian universities was evaluated, as well as the semester in which it was taught and its obligatoriness. Findings: Of 44 medical schools evaluated, eight (18.2%) included an EBM course in their curricula, of which five(62.5%) corresponded to private universities and in seven(87,5%) the course was mandatory. Conclusions: The teaching of EBM in Peruvian university medical schools is low, potentially leading to less confidence and certainty in clinical decision making.

De la evidencia a la decisión: La necesidad de competencias en Medicina Basada en Evidencias en escuelas de medicina peruanas, para la toma de decisiones clínicas / From evidence to decision: The need of Evidence-Based Medicine competencies in Peruvian medical schools, to clinical decision making

Objetivo: Identificar la necesidad de implementar cursos de Medicina Basada en la Evidencia(MBE) en los planes de estudio de pregrado de las universidades peruanas. El estudio: Estudio observacional de tipo descriptivo. Se evaluó la prevalencia de la enseñanza del curso de MBE en las escuelas de medicina de universidades peruanas, el semestre en el que se enseñaba y la obligatoriedad. Hallazgos: De 44 escuelas de medicina evaluadas, ocho (18,2%) incluían un curso de MBE en sus planes de estudio, de las que cinco (62,5%) correspondían a universidades privadas y en siete(87,5%) el curso era obligatorio. Conclusiones: La enseñanza de la MBE en las escuelas de medicina de las universidades peruanas es baja, pudiendo conducir a una menor confianza y certeza en la toma de decisiones clínicas.

Objetive:Toidentifytheneedtoimplement Evidence-BasedMedicine(EBM)coursesinthe undergraduate curricula of Peruvian universities. The estudy: Descriptive observational study. The prevalence of teaching the EBM course in the medical schools of Peruvian universities was evaluated, as well as the semester in which it was taught and its obligatoriness. Of 44 medical schools Findings:evaluated, eight (18.2%) included an EBM course in their curricula, of which five(62.5%) corresponded to private universities and in seven(87,5%) the course was mandatory. The teaching of EBM Conclusions:inPeruvianuniversitymedicalschoolsislow, potentially leading to less confidence and certainty in clinical decision making

Disminución de agudeza visual, hipertelorismo y exoftalmos debido a piomucocele bilateral / Decrease in visual acute, hypertellorism, and exophthalms due to bilateral piomucocele

RESUMEN Introducción: El Piomucocele es la infección de un mucocele pre existente. Presentamos un varón de 22 años con disminución de agudeza visual, hipertelorismo y exolftamos. Presentó proptosis inferolateral y agudeza visual 20/80 en el lado izquierdo. Sin antecedente de traumatismo, infecciones, pólipos o cirugías. TAC con imágenes sugestivas de mucocele bilateral con efecto compresivo orbital anterior en el lado derecho y posterior en el lado izquierdo. El efecto compresivo del piomucocele etmoidal y esfenoidal en el lado izquierdo produjo compromiso del canal óptico con disminución de la agudeza visual ipsilateral. Se realizó cirugía endoscópica nasosinusal con marsupialización y descompresión, encontrándose dos piomucoceles en dirección antero posterior bien delimitados en lado derecho y un piomucocele izquierdo. La evolución fue favorable. Ésta inusual presentación obliga a considerar el compromiso ocular insospechado, principalmente en piomucoceles que comprometan senos paranasales posteriores.

ABSTRACT Background: The Piomucocele is the infection of a pre-existing mucocele. We present a 22-year-old man with decreased visual acuity, hypertelorism, and exophthalmos. He presented inferolateral proptosis and visual acuity 20/80 on the left side. No history of trauma, infection, polyps, or surgery. CT scan with images suggestive of bilateral mucocele with anterior orbital compression effect on the right side and posterior on the left side. The compressive effect of the ethmoidal and sphenoid pyomukocele on the left side produced compromise of the optic canal with decreased ipsilateral visual acuity. Endoscopic sinonasal surgery was performed with marsupialization and decompression, finding two well-defined anteroposterior pyomukoceles on the right side and one left pyomukocele. The evolution was favorable. This unusual presentation forces us to consider unsuspected ocular involvement, mainly in pyomukoceles that involve posterior paranasal sinuses.

Frecuencia y aspectos clínicos del cáncer gástrico precoz en relación con el avanzado en un área sanitaria de España / Frequency and clinical characteristics of early gastric cancer in comparison to advanced gastric cancer in a health area of Spain

INTRODUCCIÓN: En la actualidad, la incidencia del cáncer gástrico (CG) está disminuyendo, sin embargo, la supervivencia continúa siendo baja. El cáncer gástrico precoz (CGP) ofrece un mejor pronóstico y la posibilidad de tratamientos endoscópicos curativos. PACIENTES Y MÉTODOS: Estudio observacional de una cohorte retrospectiva de todos los pacientes con CG en un periodo de 5años en un área sanitaria de España. El CGP incluyó los pacientes con afectación mucosa o submucosa (T1) independientemente de la afectación ganglionar, mientras que el avanzado fueron los T2-T4. RESULTADOS: Se incluyeron 209 pacientes de los cuales 26 (12%) fueron CGP. El CGP no tuvo diferencias en comparación con el avanzado en la edad, sexo, infección por HP, lesiones premalignas ni tipo histológico; sin embargo, tuvo diferencias significativas en la localización (antro e incisura en un 76% vs. 38%, p = 0,01), síntomas de alarma (69% vs. 90%, p < 0,01), tratamiento con intención curativa (100% vs. 30%, p < 0,01), performance status (PS 0-1: 92% vs. 75%, p = 0,03) y supervivencia (85% vs. 20%, p < 0,001). Entre los pacientes tratados con intención curativa, el 98% (79/81) fueron operados y el 2% (2/81) fueron tratados con mucosectomía. Siete (27%) pacientes con CGP se hubiesen podido beneficiar de disección submucosa. DISCUSIÓN: La frecuencia del CGP fue baja en nuestra área sanitaria (12% de los CG). El CGP tuvo síntomas de alarma en un alto porcentaje, se localizó en el tercio distal del estómago (antro e incisura) y tuvo mejor pronóstico en relación con el CG avanzado. Se deben implementar medidas para incrementar la detección y tratamiento endoscópico del CGP

INTRODUCTION: Gastric cancer (GC) incidence is currently decreasing; however, survival is still low. Early GC (EGC) has better prognosis and it could be cured by endoscopic methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study of a retrospective cohort of all patients with GC during a five-year period in a health area of Spain. EGC diagnosis was defined as mucosal or submucosal (T1) cancers regardless of lymph node involvement, whereas the advanced GC were T2-T4. RESULTS: 209 patients were included, and 26 (12%) of them were EGC. There was no difference between EGC and advanced GC in age, sex, HP infection, precancerous lesions or histological type. Other characteristics of EGC were different from advanced GC: location (antrum and incisura in 76% vs 38%, p = 0.01), alarm symptoms (69% vs 90%, p < 0.01), curative treatment (100% vs 30%, p < 0.01), performance status (PS 0-1: 92% vs 75%, p = 0.03) and survival (85% vs 20%, p < 0.001). Among patients who received curative treatment, 98% (79/81) underwent surgery and 2% (2/81) were treated by mucosectomy. Seven (27%) patients with EGC could have benefited from treatment by endoscopic submucosal resection. DISCUSSION: EGC frequency was low (12% of GCs) in our health area. EGC had a high percentage of alarm symptoms, and was located in the distal third of the stomach (antrum and incisura) and had better prognosis compared to advanced GC. Strategies to increase detection and endoscopic treatment of EGC should be implemented

Frequency and clinical characteristics of early gastric cancer in comparison to advanced gastric cancer in a health area of Spain. / Frecuencia y aspectos clínicos del cáncer gástrico precoz en relación con el avanzado en un área sanitaria de España.

INTRODUCTION: Gastric cancer (GC) incidence is currently decreasing; however, survival is still low. Early GC (EGC) has better prognosis and it could be cured by endoscopic methods. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Observational study of a retrospective cohort of all patients with GC during a five-year period in a health area of Spain. EGC diagnosis was defined as mucosal or submucosal (T1) cancers regardless of lymph node involvement, whereas the advanced GC were T2-T4. RESULTS: 209 patients were included, and 26 (12%) of them were EGC. There was no difference between EGC and advanced GC in age, sex, HP infection, precancerous lesions or histological type. Other characteristics of EGC were different from advanced GC: location (antrum and incisura in 76% vs 38%, p=0.01), alarm symptoms (69% vs 90%, p<0.01), curative treatment (100% vs 30%, p<0.01), performance status (PS 0-1: 92% vs 75%, p=0.03) and survival (85% vs 20%, p<0.001). Among patients who received curative treatment, 98% (79/81) underwent surgery and 2% (2/81) were treated by mucosectomy. Seven (27%) patients with EGC could have benefited from treatment by endoscopic submucosal resection. DISCUSSION: EGC frequency was low (12% of GCs) in our health area. EGC had a high percentage of alarm symptoms, and was located in the distal third of the stomach (antrum and incisura) and had better prognosis compared to advanced GC. Strategies to increase detection and endoscopic treatment of EGC should be implemented.

Educación médica a distancia en tiempos de COVID-19 / Distance medical education in the times of COVID-19

La pandemia COVID-19 ha ocasionado la suspensión de la educación médica presencial, por lo que se le ha otorgado mayor importancia a la educación médica a distancia. Esto ha producido un debate sobre cuáles son las mejores acciones a seguir. De ahí que sea importante revisar las estrategias implementadas en diversas escuelas de medicina durante epidemias previas y, a partir de ello, plantear propuestas acordes con la realidad latinoamericana, tomando en cuenta la distinción entre cursos preclínicos y clínicos. En Latinoamérica, las propuestas para lograr una adecuada enseñanza médica a distancia en el presente escenario son: la inclusión y el uso de cursos de herramientas virtuales, la implementación del aprendizaje basado en problemas, la interacción a distancia con el docente a través de medios de comunicación en línea, evitar el uso excesivo de clases grabadas, el adecuado acceso de banda ancha y vencer la resistencia docente al uso de tecnologías de la información y la comunicación en la educación médica, para buscar la interactividad y comunicación estrecha con los alumnos(AU)

The COVID-19 pandemic has stopped face-to-face medical education; therefore, greater importance has been given to distance medical education. This has provoked a debate about what the best actions to follow are. Hence, it is important to review the strategies implemented in several medical schools during previous epidemics and, based on this, make proposals in line with the Latin American reality, taking into account the distinction between preclinical and clinical courses. In Latin America, the proposals to achieve adequate distance medical education in the present scenario are the inclusion and use of virtual tool courses, the implementation of problem-based learning, distance interaction with the professor through online communication media, to avoid excessive use of recorded classes, adequate broadband access, and to overcome the professor's resistance to using information and communication technologies in medical education, seeking interaction and close communication with students(AU)

Rare presentation occult lateral frontal rhinosinusitis with eyelid fistula, ectropion and lagophthalmos. A case report.

We report an unusual case of a 53-year-old male with fistula, ectropion and lagophthalmos due to lateral frontal rhinosinusitis. Two years ago, he presented soft erythematous swelling at internal epicanthus. A year and a half before, he presented upper eyelid fistula secretion drainage, cicatricial ectropion and lagophthalmos. No otorhinolaryngological or visual discomfort was reported. Ophthalmology performed ectropion surgical repair using skin grafting, with no improvement. They requested magnetic resonance imaging which showed a suggestive image of frontal lateral sinusitis, being transferred to the Otorhinolaryngology service. External and endoscopic nasal surgery was performed, which resolved the sinus pathology with good evolution.

Se informa un inusual caso de un varón de 53 años, con fístula, ectropión y lagoftalmos derecho debido a rinosinusitis crónica frontal lateral. Dos años antes presentó tumefacción blanda y eritematosa en el epicanto interno. Un año y medio antes tuvo drenaje de secreción por fístula en el párpado superior, ectropión cicatrizal superomedial y lagoftamos ipsilateral, sin molestias otorrinolaringológicas ni alteración visual. El Servicio de Oftalmología realizó reparación quirúrgica mediante injerto de piel, sin mostrar mejoría, por lo que se solicitó resonancia magnética, que evidenció imagen indicativa de sinusitis frontal lateral derecha y fue transferido al Servicio de Otorrinolaringología. Se practicó una cirugía externa y endoscópica, que resolvió la afección sinusal, con buena evolución.